Empirical evidence to support the theoretical framework Essay Example for Free

Empirical evidence to support the theoretical frame produce EssayWolfgang and Ferracuti present a general a general version of this subculture of military unit thesis, which was drawn on Sutherlands differential association theory, as well as separate approaches, in order to explain why certain groups move over higher rates of violence (Cote, 2002 p. 88). The subculture of Violence theory relied to some extent on Wolfgangs earlier study of homicide in Philadelphia. Wolfgang had found that a strong number of homicides that occurred among low-class people seemed to result from very trivial events that took on great importance because of mutually held expectations about how people would behave (Waters, 2006 p. 62).The authors of the theory began their work by presenting a variety of propositions and constitute the thesis, ranging from psychoanalytic theories of aggression, medical and biological studies, the frustration-aggression hypothesis, containment theory, child-rearing p ractices, and affable learning and conditioning propositions. Wolfgang and Ferracuti has pointed out that the subculture of violence approve of violence unconditionally and that violence is not necessarily supported by all members of sub-society (Cote, 2002 p.88).One case presentation is provided in which the theoretical framework of subculture of violence is depicted. States that have a higher population of colour people but low in white homicide rates, such as Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, contain a large proportion of blacks who enter from the South (Hazlehurst and Hazlehurst, 1998 p. 36 Smith and Berlin, 1998 p. 268). On the other hand, the states in which the migrant blacks were re bed also show a high white homicide rates.Critically analyzing these facts, one so-and-so infer that in the Southern states, there is a subculture of violence more intensive than in other parts of our country, which is sh ared by both black and white races and which is carries North by both races when they migrate to these new areas (Smith and Berlin, 1998 p. 268). As an example, the analysis of racial stands and status present in the United States, trivial insults are expected to be met with violence, and failure to respond in this way is met with social censure from the peer group adapted this theory to explain violence among American Blacks (Cote, 2002 p.88 Hazlehurst and Hazlehurst, 1998 p. 36). Maintenance of a manly image is important in the subculture, and individuals who are unable to resolve conflicts verbally are more likely to haunt to violence in order to assert their masculinity. Behavior is partly a response to social conditions, and partly the result of an individuals acceptance of the ideas and set which he has absorbed from the subculture of violence (Hazlehurst and Hazlehurst, 1998 p. 36). Critiques on Subculture of Violence surmise.Fine and Kelinman (1979) have offered a general critique of the notion of subculture as it is used by social scientists. M any of their criticisms are relevant fir understanding the limitations of subculture of violence theory. They note that problems in previous subculture look include (1) a confusion of the ideas of subculture and sub-society, (2) the lack of a meaningful referent for subculture, (3) the homogeneity and stasis associated with the concept, and (4) the emphasis on defining subcultures in terms of valuates and central themes.They suggest that the subculture construct, to be of maximal usefulness, needs to be linked to processes of interaction among members of groups (Greene and Gabbidon, 2000 p. 133). In addition, it would be difficult to support an argument that a subculture exists in relation to a single cultural interest, and the thesis of a subculture of violence does not suggest a monolithic character (Bean, 2003 p. 229). Tedeschi and Felson (1994), for instance, were unable to identify a community or subculture that placed a positive value on violence.Furthermore, the subculture of violence hypothesis has been criticized on the grounds that it makes a circular argument (Walters, 2002 p. 81-82). Darnell Hawkins (1983) offered a number of criticisms of the subculture of violence theory that could apply equally to other cultural theories (Mann, 1993 p. 115-116) 1. There is an overemphasis on individual value orientations which, when aggregated, are said to generate a subculture. 2.The theory is not empirically grounded and is challenged by some research findings. 3. A great deal of the theory underemphasizes a number of structural, situational, and institutional factors that affect interpersonal violence for example, for African Americans such factors extend from historical patterns evolving from thraldom to the ramifications of an individual homicide, to the manner in which the criminal justice system operates. 4. The theory downplays the effects of the law on criminal homicide patterns.5. In addition to the implanting of values, there are other possible way s that the social, economic, and political disadvantages faced by African Americans may lead to high homicide rates. Criticisms of the theoretical framework are subjected to various differentiations of military personnel totality. The primary domain associated in the theoretical framework itself is the concept that subculture is the prime effectors of criminal and deviant behavior occurrence, which is not always and not entirely factual.As the statement of criminal governance and behavioral psychology implies, there are still various organizations and domains present in the both intra and inter-personal human attributes, such as physical nature, cognitive capacity and status, moral perspectives, environmental strains and stresses present, and the social conflicts that cover broad scope of conceptualities. Conclusions.In the summary of the theoretical framework presented, Subculture of Violence Theory by Marvin Wolfgang and Italian criminologist Franco Ferracuti (1976), has produced significant contributions in explaining how social community of subculture and violence affects the behavioral deviancy. The major point of the theoretical framework emphasizes more on lashing behaviors resulted by a sub-cultural environment that hikes and legalize violent behavioral patterns.The theory assumed that violence only occurs if violence itself is intrinsically present in the community, and eventually, encourage its occurrence. If the subculture engages in behavioral conflicts of violence, chances are, the individuals involved in such acts or those that are indirectly related to the occurrence of that act shall primarily be influence to make the violent behavior due to the concept of violence-legalizations.The theoretical framework has been based in the reflection of lower-class norms and a learned response to the pressures encountered in lower-class living, empirical support for the existence of impoverished inner-city areas, and the homicide occurrences in African Am ericans and whites. The social policy implicated involves mainly the racial equity between the races exampled.Reference Bean, P. (2003). Crime. Routledge. Cote, S. (2002). criminological Theories Bridging the Past to the Future. Sage Publications Inc. Flowers, R. B. (2002).Kids Who Commit Adult Crimes Serious Criminality by Juvenile Offenders. Haworth Press. Greene, H. , Gabbidon, S. L. (2000). African American Criminological Thought. SUNY Press. Hazzlehurst, K. M. , Hazzlehurst, C. (1998). Gangs and Youth Subcultures internationalist Explorations. Transaction Publishers. Heitmeyer, G. F. , Hagan, J. (2003). International Handbook of Violence Research. Springer. Lee etal, M. (2003). Solution-Focused Treatment of Domestic Violence Offenders. Oxford University Press. Mann, C. (1993). Unequal Justice A Question of Color. Indiana University Press.Smith, A. B. , Berlin, L. (1998). Treating the Criminal Offender. Springer. Vito etal, G. F. (2007). Criminology Theory, Research, And Po licy. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Volavka, J. (2002). Neurobiology of Violence. American psychiatrical Pub. Walters, G. D. (2002). Criminal Belief Systems An Integrated-Interactive Theory of Lifestyles. Praeger/Greenwood. Waters, N. (2006). Ten List for School Safety Teach These Laws to Safeguard Generations. Tate Publishing. Wolfgang, M. (2001). The Subculture Of Violence Towards an Integrated Theory in Criminology. Routledge.

Ms maudie article Essay Example for Free

Ms maudie article EssayMs maudie article BY 990 Fire Destroys House Miss Maudie Atkinsons support was destroyed in a deadly ardor on December 1 5th. The first snowfall had fallen for the first time since 1885. School was scratch for the day and the kids spent their day playing outside and building snowmen. Early the next morning, at about 100 a. m. , the neighborhood was ablaze. Everyone rushed outside to mystify Miss Maudies house on disregard. The men of the neighborhood rushed to help get Miss Maudie and some of her precious items out. Shortly after, the fire truck arrived hardly the hose burst because it was too cold. Mr. Avery was saving items from the upstairs when the stairs burned out and he had to climb out the window. He fell into Miss Maudies bushes. The fire became too ferocious to keep saving furniture so the men started backing away. The Abbottsville Fire Truck appeared shortly to put out the blaze. Even though her house had burned down, Miss Maudie was quoted saying that IVe always wanted to build a smaller house.Now I have the chance too. The cause of the fire was because Miss Maudie started a fire in the kitchen to warm up. No one was hurt in the fire except for Mr. Avery, who is going to be a little(a) sore for a while, and Miss Maudies azaleas. Welcome to MathPortal. This web site owner is mathematician MiloS Petrovit. I designed this web site and wrote all the lessons, formulas and calculators. If you want to contact me, believably have some question write me using the contact form or email me on

Challenges and Opportunities to Chinas Banking Industry

Challenges and Opportunities to Chinas Banking manufactureThe banking industry in China has the platform for future growth opportunities but often come with strategic challenges. ACMR-IBISWorld forecasts that in the five eld through 2021, total assets of the Commercial Banking industry in China will increase at an average rate of 11.9% per year, to $48.2 trillion by the end of 2021.1 Industry revenue is forecast to grow at an average rate of 5.4% per year to $818.5 billion in 2021.1 China has become the target of many abroad banks and monetary institutions as a result of its huge market size. Other reasons include continuous deregulation, WTO commitments and the improving market conditions with strong fundamentals. However, there are also some(prenominal) main challenges that obstruct the industrys growth.OpportunitiesOpening Requirement According to the China Banking Regulatory Committee, foreign banks accounted for barely 2.3% of total commercial bank assets at the end of th e terzetto quarter of 2012.1 However, in order for China to meet its World Trade Organization (WTO) accession commitments, they are required to further open its banking sector to foreign banks. The easing of restrictions provide an opportunistic window for foreign banks to grow or enter the market.Deregulation Beginning in 2003, China has begun to allow qualified foreign banks to offer RMB banking service to Chinese enterprises. In addition, some restrictions on geographic distribution and foreign exchange services offered by foreign banks have been lifted. Banking services have been opened to overseas banks in 13 cities, up from only 2, Beijing and Shanghai, before Chinas WTO entry.1Innovation In 2006, China officially opened its banking sector allowing foreign banks to conduct RMB occupancy, removing geographical and client restrictions.1 In 2009, new development opportunities for commercial banks opened up which led to many changes in terms of competition, technologies, resul t diversification and industry profitability. As a result, domestic banks face increasing pressure to upgrade operations management, internal controls and product and service innovation. Banks with a scientific edge or process driven technology can begin creating a strategic opportunity to gain the competitive advantage and market grapple in China.ChallengesGovernmental Barrier to Entry The banking industry in China is known to have high levels of regulation and policy. For companies looking to enter the China market, the requirements for obtaining a license in order to operate as a commercial bank in China are set up through the fiscal License Management Rules and approved by the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC).1 In addition, Commercial banks in China are subject to the supervision of, and steady inspections by, the CBRC. In general, the application for preparing the establishment of a new branch by a policy bank, a wholly state-owned commercial bank or a joint-stock commercial bank shall be filed with and reviewed by the CBRC provincial office in the province where the proposed branch is to be established, and shall be subject to the final favorable reception by the CBRC headquarters.Competition devoted the strict government controls and the high level of intervention in the industry, prices are quite regulated and product innovation and diversity are not the main basis for competition. In general, the approval requirements for new products are very strict. They are often the subject of complicated approval processes and lengthy approval times, and as a result are not main competitive factors. Chinas banking industry brings heavy competition as commercial banks generally offer standardised products at similar prices providing difficult to gain a competitive advantage.Relationships In China, the biggest competition has focused on client relationships with large customers, an important part of the business environment.1 Relationships are usual ly found using guanxi which is a combination of developing personal connections with customers as well as a network of close contacts.2 Given the low level of product diversification and similarity in services and prices, banks compete for specific and often the same customers in hopes of developing long-term relationships.