Anorexia as Eating Disorder

Anorexia as Eating Disorder Abstract Significant amount of time has been dedicated by researchers in the study of anorexia, an eating disorder. Nonetheless, extensive data that is so far available has not been fully utilized towards combating this disorder. It is against this background that the number of anorexia patients across the world has continued to raise thereby negating available treatment methods.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Anorexia as Eating Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initially, the condition was restricted among western population but the very western standards of beauty have spread to other parts of the world leading to rapid spread of the disorder. This review will explore aspects of anorexia nervosa by tracing its historical background, possible causes, prevalence rate as well as treatment. Introduction Types of eating disorders As society continues to promote thin body mentality to be the ideal of beauty, Att ia and Welsh observe that there is increasing number of people who are developing anorexia as they become more aware of their weight.[1] Most people are concerned about their body weight at some point in life. However, according to the above authors, those who develop eating disorders tend to take their concerns to the extreme. Abnormal eating habits are a threat to a person’s well being and some extremities can cause death. Research over the past few years, has shown that there has been an increase in the number of people suffering from eating disorders especially anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The above disorders are more prevalent in young women and adolescents. Among the general population, it is estimated that about five million people will show signs of at least one type of the above disorders. Three major types of eating disorders have been identified. The first and the most common type is anorexia nervosa. Individuals who suffer from this disorder are have a di storted view of their body image. Despite some of them being extremely underweight, they will always have feelings of being overweight. These individuals will refuse to eat but will continue to exercise compulsively with some starving themselves to death. The second type is bulimia nervosa which until recently has always been confused with anorexia nervosa. These individuals unlike the one suffering from anorexia nervosa will consume large quantity of food although they feel guilty about it. The affected person will perform the above acts because they feel ashamed and disgusted of the binging act. Once they get rid of their stomachs’ contents, tension and negative emotions dissipate. Many scholars have dedicated their time to study anorexia. However, due to limitation in scope, the rest of the chapter will explore anorexia nervosa by tracing the historical background of the condition, reviewing prevalence of the disorder in terms of gender, culture and geographical background as well as the causes and the current treatment methods. Understanding anorexia nervosa According to Dare, anorexia has been associated with loss of appetite and does not occur due to physical sickness but mostly triggered by perception of the mind.[2] An individual has a similar appetite with a normal healthy person but they tend to suppress it by either eating very little or avoiding eating for a prolonged period of time. It is against this reason that psychologists view this condition as life threatening if left untreated.[3]Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The motivating factor that makes the patient to lose appetite at the sight of food is their obsession to lose weight. Such people are very conscious of their body image, and they always strive to achieve the ideal slim body. The above individuals will deliberately starve themselves to maintain the ideal thin bo dy. In addition, they adopt a strict exercising schedule motivated by their intent fear to become fat. Historical perspective of anorexia nervosa Knowledge about the condition came into the lime light in the late 18th century, when two separate physicians; Charles Lesegue and William Gull researched on anorexia nervosa. The two have been regarded as pioneer researchers in this particular filed. At the initial stages, several names were put forward but, anorexia nervosa came to be widely accepted eventually. Many other researchers such as Hilde Bruch, Arthur Crisp among other have come forward, and their works have contributed into the research by coming up with treatment plans. Despite the numerous studies into the condition, there is lack of adequate technological innovation as far as treatment is concerned. Hence, it has become a concern among contemporary physician researchers. The development of anorexia disorder can be traced back to several cultures from ancient times. During this particular time, prolonged fasting was observed but usually it was for religious reasons. The fast was common among the Greek and Egyptian cultures, but, no evidence has been found to show the fasting was as a result of the disorder. A close resemblance of the disorder in ancient times was that which developed among people who practiced eastern religions. As Steiner documents, some Eastern religious beliefs led to self starvation as people sought spiritual fulfillment.[4]Self starvation is regarded as one of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa today. Although a slight similarity of ancient times self starvation can be compared with modern day anorexia nervosa, the motivating factors are very different. The ancient people practiced self starvation mainly for religious reasons, but not because they feared getting fat as it evident today. Lack of a direct link between ancient and modern day disorder has made development of deep research in this disorder to be limited in scope.[5] The disorder has always been viewed from a social perspective, and earlier researchers have ignored the medial aspect of it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Anorexia as Eating Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initially, anorexia was viewed as a social condition, that affected young women and girls from the high-class circles, and it was viewed as their fashion trend. For this reason, scholars saw the disorder as a pass time activity, which did not have any medical effects. It was not until later when the disorder was given attention by the medial experts when serious medial implications started to be discovered. Prevalence of anorexia nervosa disorder The prevalence of the disorder affects people of both gender types. It can affect individuals of any age. However, women are more predisposed to the disorder as compared to men. Statistics have identified the ratio to be one out of ten men. Scholars say the incid ences of the disorder are increasing day by day, and we might have new statistical out look in the future. The numerous studies conducted show the disorder is more prevalent among the population from the industrialized nations. Despite the industrialized nations having abundant-food supply, the population especially the females shy away from eating to maintain the slim image, which is considered to be attractive. The disorder has been found to be common in the western countries such as United Kingdom, USA, Canada and other highly industrialized nations. Studies in the US show that 0.5 to 1 % of females in the US are likely to develop the disorder. In United Kingdom, an estimated 0.7 % to 1.2% females are at high risk of developing anorexia. However, research of the spread of the disorders in African countries is very limited; hence it may not be easy to hypothesize prevalence rate in those areas due to limited research conducted in the past. The results of such studies are hard to g eneralize across African and other minority cultures. The results of the above studies showed very minimal cases of the anorexia nervosa. Indeed, Rumney expounds that the low level of prevalence rate is a clear indication that cultural factors contribute in the development of anorexia nervosa. Previous studies have also indicated that the disorder is common among post -puberty adults. However, in recent years, isolated cases have been identified among children as young as 7 years.[6] In addition, more recent studies have noted that the disorder is gaining momentum among pre-puberty individuals.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This information has led scholars today to agree that the disorder begins in mid and late adolescence. When the disorder develops at this age, prognosis is always better as compared to those who develop it past the age of 40 years. The disorder at rare times can affect order adults as life stresses catches up with them. Individuals who develop the disorder do so when they start perceiving in their mind that they are overweight. When such a person begins to diet, he/she does not notice when the weight falls. They will thus continue to diet and exercise intensively, and the habit turns into an obsession. Such people will do anything to lose weight, and the reason they undertake self starvation measures is because they see weight gain as a sign that they have failed. Eventually, if left untreated the disorder can lead to fatality as the individuals continue to lose weight beyond the required healthy weight for their age and height. Anorexia disorder prognosis is good when diagnosed at early stages. Possible Causes of anorexia nervosa Researchers have been interested to know what causes the anorexia nervosa disorder. Further, they have been interested to know the contributing factors that lead to the development of the disorder. However, it is difficult to determine the specific causes of the disorder, and most of the causes put forward are hypothetical. Scholars believe that anorexia nervosa can be attributed to a combination of factors, ranging from environmental, cultural, biological and psychological. Biological causes Researchers of anorexia disorder through numerous experiments have come across evidence, that some people could be genetically predisposed than others to develop the disorder. The probability of a person whose close family member suffered from an eating disorder, to get anorexia nervosa is higher than for a person whose family has not history of eating disorder. Statistics has shown that the probability is 10 times higher, and more than 50 % of anorexia nervosa cases can be linked to the hereditary factor.[7] Although numerous experiments have been conducted, the researchers have failed to provide a clear explanation of how biological factors are directly related to the eating disorder. However, research has been success as researchers have discovered specific chromosomes, which are directly linked to the disorder. The specific chromosomes identified are known to increase susceptibility to the eating disorders; anorexia nervosa and others. Another biological factor that can be linked with the increased risk to the disorder has to do with the brain abnormal biochemical make up. The abnormal biochemical make up is related with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) which regulates a person mood, stress and appetite. The gland releases certain neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, which are responsible for mood regulation. When the release of the above neurotransmitters is reduced, such a pe rson is likely to develop the disorder. The above evidence shows that abnormal biochemical make up which is biological factor can be attributed to the eating disorder. Cultural factors Cultural beliefs and attitude factors can also be linked to the development of anorexia nervosa disorder, and other eating disorders. The rates of the disorders vary from one race or ethnic group to the other, and the dimension or extent changes with time as cultures evolve. So many studies have concentrated their researches among people within the western culture.[8] However, extensive research needs to be done all over the world to demonstrate the spread of the disorder across all cultures. A cultural factor that has contributed to the development of the disorder originates from the western culture, where a thin body is viewed as the ideal. This idealization, which receives much attention through the numerous mass media, has been listed as a significant cultural factor that leads to the development of the disorder. The media are powerful tool when it comes to influencing peoples’ attitudes towards a particular topic. The media are to blame for the widespread anorexia disorder as they portray slim body as the measure of attractiveness. Although eating disorders can be traced back in history, the massive shift to the view that slim is ideal has emerged recently as promotions of slim body increases. The evidence that today men and women are not satisfied with a big body is evident from the numerous diet articles, diet medication and the like. A further elaboration on the aspect of culture is that which explains the role of changing cultures to the change of development of anorexia nervosa, as well as the changing prevalence. Several proposals have been put forward to classify anorexia as cultural-change syndrome rather than a cultural specific syndrome as many tend to believe.[9] This proposal cites studies done among the immigrants which show that though the disorder is r are, it is gaining momentum, as the immigrants culture change because of interaction with the host culture. In addition, rare cases of the disorder are being reported in less developed world since the process of industrialization brings with it changes in culture. As the world become a global village, the interaction and transfer of cultural values is inevitable; hence anorexia will be a cultural-changing syndrome in the future. The reason why anorexia disorder is being transferred from the western to other world cultures is because the western culture has always been viewed as ideal. The media have played a great role in communication the values of the western culture to other parts of the world and hence eroding traditional values especially among the young people. Apart from the idealization of slim body among the western culture, another cultural force which has caused the widespread occurrence of the disorder is identified.[10] In the recent decades, the role of women in societ y has taken a great shift. Several feminist theorists have associated the rapid development of eating disorder with the changing roles of women in society especially in western cultures.[11] Feminists theorists have hypothesized that the pressures placed on today’s woman will increase their vulnerability to eating disorders. A historical perceptive of eating disorders to support the hypothesis, is that which shows that eating disorders among women develop, when they are presented with many opportunities. However, the available opportunity has to be combined with absolute freedom for such a woman to develop anorexia nervosa. Lack of freedom is what makes wealthy women in Muslim cultures to shy away from self starvation since they live restricted lifestyles. Today woman is pushed to be a high achiever; at the same time, society expects her to maintain her femininity and attractiveness. The anorexia disorders among females come about as they try to balance the demand by society to be both successful and attractive. Psychological causes Studies to link the development of anorexia disorder and psychological factors received much attention in the 20th century. The early theorists focused their attention on studying how person unconscious sexuality conflicts contributed to the development of the disorder. They also wanted to find out the link between adolescent rebellion and regression to the oral stage of development to the anorexia nervosa. Similarly, earlier psychologists also associated the disorder with the advent of object relations theory.[12] The above theory focuses on how a parent relation with an infant affects the personality development of an individual. The modern-day psychologists have developed a theory which shows anorexia disorder to be caused by emotional disturbances. The variables of emotional, logical and stimuli come into play in an attempt to classify anorexia as an emotional disorder. According to the anorexia nervosa theory, anorexia, which resides on the emotional side of the human brain, can occur whenever the emotional elements are disturbed. The disorder is said to develop during mental growth where one of the key points is affected. The theory postulates that the adolescence stage of growth is the most likely point, when the disorder will develop. This is because during adolescence an individual is developing a sense of self, and most of the times adolescents are not able to handle any form of criticism positively.[13] During this search of identity stage, criticism carries a lot of weight and the person will try to distance themselves from it by manipulating the external environment to avoid further criticism. This escapism behavior suppresses the internal being and the person expresses though unconsciously the preferred emotional image. When prolonged, exposure of the internal self to suppression will eventually lead to mental segregation presented as anorexia nervosa. Dare expounds that it is a form of m ental illness that originates from emotional. Hence, an individual is always concerned with peoples perception of his/her image.[14] Family therapists have also contributed to debate on how psychological factors associated with family relations, lead to the development of anorexia nervosa disorder.[15] The said therapists have tried to demonstrate the relationship between dysfunctional family relationships and broken down family interaction bonds, with the development of anorexia nervosa. Individuals whose mothers are intrusive, overprotective and exhibit perfectionists’ characteristics are likely to develop anorexia disorder. In addition, if ones’ father is passive, withdraw, moody or ineffective the probability for such an individual to develop anorexia nervosa is increased. Personality traits have also been linked with the development of the anorexia nervosa disorder. The individuals have been cited to have low self esteem, extreme fear of becoming fat and feeling o f helplessness in life.[16] The individuals are usually people who are high performers in whatever sector they are in life, but their tendency of perfectionism is what compels them to develop the disorder. Such people are always concerned with peoples’ opinion about them, and always strive to portray a perfect picture.[17] The see the tendency to control their weight as advantageous in gaining peoples approval. It is very hard to know that individuals have a problem as they tend to keep their feelings to themselves, and rarely show rebellious behavior. Danger signs Individuals who are developing anorexia nervosa disorder are likely to use weight reduction drugs during the initial stages of the obsession. Other behavioral signs have been identified by researchers. The individuals will start by cutting back on the portion of food they are used to take previously. The individuals will also exhibit an obsessive interest in exercises, and will spend every opportunity exercising. T hose with the bulimia nervosa disorder will be seen going to the bathroom right after they take any meals.[18] Those who suffer from anorexia nervosa will also avoid gathering where food is likely to be served as they do not want to be forced to eat under the circumstances. The above behaviors affect the body negatively and the patients start showing signs of poor health. The most initial symptom associated with anorexia nervosa is gradual but constant weight loss. Initially, the weight loss is not harmful to the body especially if the patient was overweight.[19] At the later stage as the patient increases weigh losing exercises, the individual will start complaining about stomach problems accompanied by constipation diarrhea. As days goes by, the patient becomes weaker and weaker as the energy reserves are dangerously utilized by the body. Dizziness may also be a common complaint, and at times, the patient may experience fainting episodes. If left untreated, the symptoms continue t o appear which might lead to death.[20] Conclusion Eating disorders are very common problem among the population. Anorexia nervosa, which is one type of eating disorders, has become so common and if not watched more health problems are likely to arrive in the future. Researchers should put more effort to innovate on preventive and treatment measures of the condition. References Attia Evelyn, Walsh B. Timothy, 2007. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa†. American Journal Psychiatry 164(2007): 1805-1810. Bell, Rudolph M. Holy anorexia. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Dare Chris, Isler Ivan, Russel Gerald, Treasure Janet Dodge Liz .â€Å"Psychological Therapies for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry, 178 (2001): 216-221. DeAngelis Tori, 2002. â€Å"A Genetic Link to Anorexia†. Monitor on Psychology 33(2002), 34-37. Halmi, Katherine A. â€Å"The Multimodal Treatment of Eating Disorders†. World Psychiatry 4(2005): 69-73. Kay e Walter H., Bulik Cynthia M., Thornton Laura, Barbarich Nicole, Masters Kim and the Price Foundation Collaborative Group. â€Å"Co-morbidity of Anxiety Disorders with Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa†. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004): 2215-2221. Mehler, Philip S. â€Å"Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa in Primary Care Settings.† Annals of Internal Medicine 134(2001):1048-1059. Naqvi, Syed. â€Å"Review of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.† Focus 2 (2004):529-540. Palmer, B. â€Å"Come the Revolution. Revisiting the Management of Anorexia Nervosa.† Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 12 (2006):5-12. Papadopoulos Fotios C, Ekbom Aders, Eselius Lisa Brandt Lena. â€Å"Excess Mortality, Causes of Death and Prognostic Factors in Anorexia Nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry 194 (2009): 10-17. Ramsay Rosalind, Ward Anne, Treasure Janet Russel Gerald F. M. â€Å"Compulsary Treatment in Anorexia Nervosa. Short Term Benefits and Long Term Mortality.† British Journal of Psychiatry 175 (1999): 147-153. Rumney, Avis. Dying to please: anorexia, treatment and recovery. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, 2009. Steiner Hans, Mazer Cliff Litt Iris F. â€Å"Compliance and Outcome in Anorexia Nervosa†. West J Med 153 (1990): 133-139. Swain, Pamela I., Scaglius, Fernanda Baeza., Balfour, Louise., and Hany Bissada. Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa: New Research. New York: Nova Biomedical Books, 2006. Wade Tracey D., Bulik Cynthia M., Neale Michael, and Kendler Keneth S. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa and Major Depression: Shared Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors†. Am J Psychiatry 157 (2000):469-471. Footnotes Attia Evelyn, Walsh B. Timothy. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa†. American Journal of Psychiatry 164 (2007), 1805-1810. Dare Chris, Isler Ivan, Russel Gerald, Treasure Janet Dodge Liz. â€Å"PsychologicalTherapies for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry 178 (2001): 216-221. DeAngelis, Tori. â€Å"A Genetic Link to Anorexia.† Monitor on Psychology 33 (2002), 34-37. Steiner Hans, Mazer Cliff Litt Iris F. â€Å"Compliance and Outcome in Anorexia Nervosa†. West J Med 153 (1990): 133-139. Wade Tracey D., Bulik Cynthia M., Neale Michael, and Kendler Keneth S. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa and Major Depression: Shared Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors†. Am J Psychiatry 157 (2000), 469-471. Mehler, Philip S. â€Å"Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa in Primary Care Settings’. Annals of Internal Medicine 134(2001):1048-1059. Swain, Pamela I., Scaglius, Fernanda Baeza., Balfour, Louise., and Hany Bissada. Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa: New Research. New York: Nova Biomedical Books, 2006. Papadopoulos Fotios C, Ekbom Aders, Eselius Lisa Brandt Lena. â€Å"Excess Mortality, Causes of Death and Prognostic Factors in Anorexia Nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry 194 (2009): 10-17. Ramsay Rosali nd, Ward Anne, Treasure Janet Russel Gerald F. M. â€Å"Compulsary Treatment in Anorexia Nervosa. Short Term Benefits and Long Term Mortality.† British Journal of Psychiatry 175 (1999): 147-153. Steiner Hans, Mazer Cliff Litt Iris F. â€Å"Compliance and Outcome in Anorexia Nervosa†. West J Med 153 (1990): 133-139. Papadopoulos Fotios C, Ekbom Aders, Eselius Lisa Brandt Lena. â€Å"Excess Mortality, Causes of Death and Prognostic Factors in Anorexia Nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry 194 (2009): 10-17. Mehler, Philip S., 2001. â€Å"Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa in Primary Care Settings.† Annals of Internal Medicine 134(2001):1048-1059. Rumney, Avis. Dying to please: anorexia, treatment and recovery. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2009. Palmer, B. â€Å"Come the Revolution. Revisiting the Management of Anorexia Nervosa.† Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 12 (2006):5-12. Bell, Rudolph M. Holy anorexia. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Naqvi, Syed. â€Å"Review of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.† Focus 2 (2004):529-540. Halmi Katherine A. 2005. â€Å"The Multimodal Treatment of Eating Disorders†. World Psychiatry 4, no. 2 (2005): 69-73. Dare Chris, Isler Ivan, Russel Gerald, Treasure Janet Dodge Liz . â€Å"Psychological Therapies for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry 178 (2001): 216-221. Attia Evelyn, Walsh B. Timothy, 2007. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa†. American Journal Psychiatry 164 (2007): 1805-1810. Kaye Walter H., Bulik Cynthia M., Thornton Laura, Barbarich Nicole, Masters Kim and the Price Foundation Collaborative Group. â€Å"Comorbidity of Anxiety Disorders with Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa†. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004): 2215-2221.

4 Important Qualities of Women Leaders

4 Important Qualities of Women Leaders When it comes to leadership, does gender matter? Is there a difference between women leaders and men who lead? If so, what are the unique qualities of female leadership that the most effective women leaders possess, and are they unique to women? Caliper Study In 2005, a year-long study conducted by Caliper, a Princeton, New Jersey-based management consulting firm, and Aurora, a London-based organization that advances women, identified a number of characteristics that distinguish women leaders from men when it comes to qualities of leadership: Women leaders are more assertive and persuasive, have a stronger need to get things done and are more willing to take risks than male leaders... Women leaders were also found to be more empathetic and flexible, as well as stronger in interpersonal skills than their male counterparts... enabl[ing] them to read situations accurately and take information in from all sides... These women leaders are able to bring others around to their point of view... because they genuinely understand and care about where others are coming from... so that the people they are leading feel more understood, supported and valued. Four Qualities of Women Leaders The Caliper study findings are summarized into four specific statements about womens leadership qualities: Women leaders are more persuasive than their male counterparts.When feeling the sting of rejection, women leaders learn from adversity and carry on with an Ill show you attitude.Women leaders demonstrate an inclusive, team-building leadership style of problem-solving and decision making.Women leaders are more likely to ignore rules and take risks. In her book Why the Best Man for the Job is a Woman: The Unique Female Qualities of Leadership, author Esther Wachs Book examined the careers of fourteen top female executives- among them Meg Whitman, President, and CEO of eBay- to learn what makes them so successful. What she discovered echoes the Caliper study, including a willingness to reinvent the rules; an ability to sell their visions; the determination to turn challenges into opportunities; and a focus on high touch in a high-tech business world. Conclusions This evidence that the leadership style of women in power is not simply unique, but possibly at odds with what men practice, begs the question: Do these qualities have value in the marketplace? Is this type of leadership welcomed by society and by the public and private sector? Dr. Musimbi Kanyoro, the World YWCA Secretary-General, says attitudes toward leadership are changing, and what women offer is essential: Domination as a leadership style is becoming less and less popular. There is a new growing appreciation of...those traits that women use to keep families together and to organize volunteers to unite and make change in the shared life of communities. These newly admired leadership qualities of shared leadership; nurturance and doing good for others are today not only sought after but also indeed needed to make a difference in the world....A feminine way of leading includes helping the world to understand and be principled about values that really matter. Sources:   Women Leaders Study: The Qualities That Distinguish Women Leaders.  Caliperonline.com.Kanyoro, Musimbi. Challenges to Womens Leadership. Speech in honor of YWCA of Salt Lake centennial celebration. 13 July 2006.Are Women Natural Leaders, and Men†¦the Opposite? KnowledgeWharton, University of Pennsylvania 8 November 2000.

Questions and essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Questions and - Essay Example nomena† or â€Å"all there are,† the real thing or one that we cannot perceive but whose existence we know of is the â€Å"Will as thing-in-itself.† However, for Schopenhauer, this â€Å"Will as thing-in-itself† cannot be separate from â€Å"phenomena,† while Kant believed they were separate. According to Schopenhauer, the two aspects of the world that we experience are the objective world or the external world that is relative to each of us, and the subjective world of the will, which is internal to us. Thus, the movement of the hand is objectively the outward movement, but inwardly it is the will in the individual to move it. For Schopenhauer, the doctrine of the will to live means that everything in this world is an expression of the will and thus depends only on oneself. The world was therefore shaped through man’s will. Thus, when there is a will, there is life. Moreover, when one has the will to live, he does not fear death. This is the basis of the will to live or survive, which is the highest of all wills. For Schopenhauer, the physical body is the only object relative to the individual. The physical body is the object that experiences our will and is subjected to the laws of the universe, and the vehicle by which we experience emotions and action. It is the will that directs and shapes the body as it is. Schopenhauer believes that if humans see the truth of the world from a moral perspective, they would see suffering, death and all other repulsive things. Thus, the result would be their denial of the will-to-live, which some people express through asceticism. This is the human condition, thus the goal of philosophy is to teach people to embrace the will-to-live and thereby to direct it towards better ways. I agree with Schopenhauer on the human condition. Thus, I believe one should own all these bad circumstances that surround him, and thus accept the will-to-live in the process in order to change these bad things. According to Schopenhauer, one

WEEK 5 DISCUSSION 2 Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WEEK 5 DISCUSSION 2 - Annotated Bibliography Example The first section comprises of various facts about the state and its economy, which new entrants in the Indian market ought to know (Fischer, 2012). The second section Fischer highlights pitfalls which numerous multinational investors usually encounter and how to avoid them (Fischer, 2012). This is because Indian culture is entirely diverse from both the western and American regions (Fischer, 2012). Therefore, the source will be of vital importance in supporting arguments concerning the uniqueness of Indian market besides other multinational corporations that have failed in the region (Fischer, 2012). This source comprises of literature written by diverse experts in their respective fields. Varma and Budhwar in their work provide comprehensive information meant to guide diverse investors who may wish to invest in India. This is via outlining prospects and pitfalls, which they ought to evade. Aspects highlighted in this book embrace economic development, critical negotiation skills, opportunities and business culture (Varma & Budhwar, 2010). In this study, the source will avail adequate information concerning multinational investment in India besides general information concerning economy and pitfalls, which new entrants ought to evade (Varma & Budhwar, 2010). In addition, it will also support arguments regarding critical negotiation skills (Varma & Budhwar, 2010). Uppal and Mishra outlines diverse aspects that comprise Indian environment, which new entrants ought to consider so that they may succeed. This is because the Indian business environment is extremely diverse from other regions in the world, for instance, the West (Uppal & Mishra, 2009). Some of the aspects highlighted in this source encompass new deregulated policies especially in accounting, auditing and reorientation of the centrally monitored fiscal to market oriented (Uppal &

Implementing Uniforms into Schools Essay -- Uniforms Education School

Implementing Uniforms into Schools The argument whether uniforms should be implemented in school has been debated over the last few decades. By implementing a uniform policy within schools would help reduce the rise of violent crimes. In today’s high schools, too many innocent youths become fatalities due to gang warfare that has spread into the school system. Many parents feel that if a uniform policy was implemented , the spread of gang warfare and the idea that children have to have name brand clothing would decrease drastically. However others are worried that this policy would infringe on students First Amendment Rights with expressing themselves. Many parents are worried that the uniforms will cost too much and they will only burden their economic status. Uniforms will either give the school strength or separate the students and parents from the administration. Proponents of uniforms argue that the widespread violence in schools is due largely to gangs. They believe that the distinctive gang colors and symbols are used it intimidate non-gang members and reinforce gang allegiance. Gang members are often found wearing clothing with professional sports team logos on them. Children who wear this type of clothing do so only because they like it or because everyone else is wearing it. Jim Steinberg of the San Diego Examiner believes that, â€Å"They have become a fashion statement and sometimes a gang statement†(Sauewein 1). This is why so many parents want the schools to go to a mandatory uniform policy. Many parents believe that if children wear uniforms, the violence in schools would drop significantly. Long Beach Unified School District was the first large school district in the United States to implement a mandatory uniform policy. â€Å"In 1994, the Long Beach Unified School District in California became the nation’s first, large urban district to require all it’s elementary and middle school students to wear uniforms. School crime has plunged 76 percent since, says spokesman Dick Van Der Laan. Attendance is the highest it’s been since 1980. Can the uniform policy take this credit? â€Å"Very definitely,† Van Der Laan says. â€Å"Uniforms sets a message of ‘You are in the business of learning† (Merchant 3). â€Å"In the first year following implication, overall school crime decreased by 36%, sex offenses by 74%, physical flight to point students by 51%,... ...nonprofit organizations that give out over $100,000 in financial aid to families that allow them to buy these uniforms. School districts also point out that the uniforms can be passed down from one child to another. By doing this, they would come out ahead in the long run. Many parents believe that uniforms will only stifle the students creativity. They will not be allowed to freely express themselves with the colors that they wear as well as the clothing itself. If a child is feeling particularly happy that day, he or she may want to wear their favorite outfit to express themselves and the way that they feel. If all students wear uniforms, the entire school will all look exactly the same, which takes away all creativity and suppresses individuality. The controversy whether to implement the uniform policy has gone on for quite a few years now. Both sides of the argument give compelling reasons why or why not the policy should be arrayed. But with the rise in the violent crimes in the school systems, children need to be protected, or else our children may be growing up knowing only violence. They will not know what it will be like to live a life without fear.

How to write a rationale? Essay

In 200-300 words, answer the following questions in paragraph form: †¢How is the context of the task linked to the particular course? †¢How is the task intended to explore particular aspects of the course? Consider the changing historical, cultural and social context in which particular texts are written and revised. Students are asked to understands the context of the production of a given text, and compare that context to the way the text is understood today, or at another time. I believe I fulfilled one/various learning outcomes for part 3: literature in context. For example I considered the changing historical, cultural, and social context in which dahls short stories were written and received by exploring ideas of postmodernism, such as dark humor †¢The nature of the task chosen – what is it about? How is it written? What is the text type? What is about; how did you write it? Style? Formality? Images? †¢ Information about audience, purpose and the social, cultural or historical context in which the task is set. This sample written task is written by Michael Michell, who teaches at the International School of Amsterdam. The task is the product of a greater unit on the portrayal of women and sex in advertising. It takes its inspiration from Jean Kilbourne’s ‘Killing Us Softly’. Students watched this polemic presentation and discussed many of the ads that it features. Students explored the defining characteristics of opinion columns and more specifically the columns of Maureen Dowd. You can see that he imitates her writing style or ‘voice’ very well. After you view Kilbourne’s presentation and read the written task, assess his work according to the assessment criteria. Then compare your marks to the examiner’s marks offered below. How do your marks differ from the examiner’s? Sample Rationale: For Part 2 of my English course we studied how women are portrayed by the media. We began by viewing Jean Kilbourne’s Killing Us Softly 3 and reading Kilbourne’s book The More You Subtract, The More You Add. I refer to statistics and facts from this sources in the written task. The Calvin Klein ad pictured here, the one that I refer to in my written task, is one I also used for an â€Å"ad critique presentation† (IB further oral activity). We spent time in class asking ourselves who was responsible for several problems, including the social construction of gender, beauty and sexuality to the often dangerous behaviors advertisements seem to promote (eating disorders, objectification of women, violence against women, hyper-masculinity, and others). We also discussed ways in which individuals and groups can resist these problems and promote social change. An opinion column seemed to be the ideal forum for me to write. I wanted to move from the specific problems I saw in this ad and speak to the larger issues it points to. I read many writers of Op-Eds and decided to model mine after New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd because her voice combines comic elements with biting commentary. Her columns, like many other Op-Ed writers, are grounded in the writer’s personal life. It contains not only her opinion, but many newsworthy statistics and a call to action. I believe that have met several of the learning outcomes for Part 2. I have examined different forms of communication within the media, by looking at a range of texts, from ads and opinion columns to documentaries and counter ads. I have also shown an awareness of the potential for ideological influence of the media, by looking at both sexist ads and counter-propaganda, such as Kilbourne’s speech. Written Task 1: My child walked into the study last night while I was hammering away on a column about W.’s inability to use the English language in a speech he delivered to the National Education Association conference this past weekend. â€Å"Mommy, look at me. I’m beautiful.† I turned around, reading glasses perched on the end of my nose, peering over the top to see my eight-year-old posing, nearly naked, hips jutting provocatively forward and gently sucking a thumb, in one of her father’s dress shirts from the laundry basket and CK written in my red lipstick on the pocket, only one lower button closing the shirt so my baby’s privates were just covered like the proverbial fig leaf. I was horrified. Horrified at what she was communicating – already – without awareness. I shook my head, dismayed, â€Å"Daniela, let’s get you into your jammies and off to bed.† As I walked into her room, I told her how I feel about the advertisement she was mimicking. I told her about women’s strength and real â€Å"girl power.† And then I helped her change, and read her several pages of Stargirl until she drifted off to sleep. It is no surprise that Daniela and so many others, especially children and young people, are influenced by the images they see – everywhere and all the time – telling the same stories of beauty: expose yourself, be thin, be childlike and vulnerable, be sexually available, be like the image you see. As Daniela gets older she will be socialized to know that girls and women are to be available, to be sexy, to be vulnerable and that boys and men are different: they are to be hard, powerful, in control, and forceful. If we believe the statistics, and I do, the consequences for the health, happiness, and welfare for our society are dire: the average American sees 3,000 advertisements a day, computer retouching of images is so pervasive that no images of human models escape â€Å"reworking,† only 5% of American women have body types seen in most advertising, 4 of 5 American women are dissatisfied with their bodies, 5-10 million women struggle with a serious eating disorder, and on and on and on. The list of consequences is legion. Who is responsible? The ad agencies? They own a share, but we are all responsible. We buy the magazines. We watch the television. We purchase the products. But we have choices. We don’t have to buy products that exploit and manipulate. More importantly, we can and should communicate to companies directly about what we think and feel in response to their advertisements, and how they will affect our choices as consumers. For many readers this may seem daunting. It does take commitment and effort, but there are resources that can help. For guidance on writing such letters, as well as a rich body of information about media issues, visit the Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting website (http://www.fair.org). For a superb archive of actual letters praising and condemning specific advertisements and ad campaigns, visit the About-Face website (http://www.about-face.org). In many cases, response letters are included, and in a few of these we see how the consumer has affected change. In his 1950 Nobel acceptance speech, American writer William Faulkner said, â€Å"Never be afraid to raise your voice for honesty, and truth, and compassion against injustice, and lying, and greed. If people all over the world†¦would do this it would change the Earth.† Faulkner’s right. We can change the world. But we must â€Å"Be the change we seek in the world,† as Gandhi said. We must act. We must educate ourselves and each other. We must educate our children about the images they see. We must never let a teachable moment pass. We must never let those images rule our children and us. We must act – with our voices, with our wallets, with our pens and computers. Criteria| Possible| Awarded| Comments| A: Rationale| 2| | | B: Task and Content| 8| | | C: Organization | 5| | | D: Language and Style| 5| | | Feedback: Criterion A – Rationale – 2 marks * 1 out of 2 – The rationale explains how the task is connected to the coursework. However, Criterion B – Task and content – 8 marks The content of a task should lend itself well to the type of text that one chooses. The task should demonstrate an understanding of the course work and topics studied. Finally, there should be evidence that the student has understood the conventions of writing a particular text type. * 7 out of 8 – This task is very appropriate for the content. The voice of Maureen Dowd has been carefully studied and replicated. You can see the student demonstrating his understanding of the coursework and Jean Killbourne’s film. Having said this, the Calvin Klein text is only analyzed in passing. This could have received a little more attention. Criterion C – Organization – 5 marks The task is organized effectively and appropriately with a regard for the text type. There must be a sense of coherence. * 4 out of 5 – The task moves nicely from an anecdote to a social commentary. It is illustrated effectively with statistics and interesting quotes. It has the structural conventions of an opinion column. Unfortunately, the task falls short of the minimum word count requirement of 800. Criterion D – Language – 5 marks The language of the task must be appropriate to the nature of the task. This means that students use an appropriate and effective register and style. Whatever the nature of the task, ideas must be communicated effectively. * 5 out of 5 – The choice of vocabulary and the use of syntax are superb! The narrative voice is characteristic of Maureen Dowd. Here is a draft of a Written Task 1 that a student wrote. It has multiple problems and requires help. Answer the following questions before reading the feedback. 1. Which pitfalls has the student fallen into? 2. How could the ‘three right ingredients’ be used to steer this student in the right direction? 3. Look at the page on opinion columns in the reference section of this Subject Site. According to this definition, there are six defining characteristics of opinion columns: voice, newsworthiness, call to action, humor, hard facts and logos. Where do you see evidence of these in the column below? How could these characteristics be added to the task to make it more successful? Column on the advantages of being fat ‘Don’t you want to lose weight some day’? Is the question I was asked about weekly. And then I replied with my happiest voice; No! The they gave me this kind of look like, okay, you must be crazy. And yes I am. There are so many advantages of being fat. Lets start by shopping. Sale. The thing I like best, and so handy when you’re fat, because almost 70% of all the woman are skinny, at least skinny to fit in the most common sizes. So all the big sizes are left over. How nice. So there I was, standing at the H&M, at the sale-corner. Nothing but big sizes. So as a child in a toy shop I started grabbing the things I liked and made my way to the fitting room. It was rather crowdie over there so I accepted the fact that I had to wait for some minutes. I heard the sound of an opening door and saw a skinny girl coming outside, at a glance she saw me and then continued looking in the mirror. Her friend, waiting for her, said she looked pretty and the girl asked her friend ‘don’t I look fat in this dress?’ No it’s lovely’ she replied. I laughed. I never had those kind of problems. For I already accepted the fact that I was fat, and it would never disappoint me when shopping. When the girls left I went in to the fitting room and started to change. This dress was lovely, I took another look in the mirror, turned around and smiled. Shopping is great, after like half an hour I was ready, with about 9 dresses hanging over my arm I made my way to the pay desk. Only50 pounds for 9 dresses. Good job, I thought. As happy as I was I walked to the bus stop I realized I was just in time because the bus was about to leave. I hastened myself to get inside the bus, and lucky as I was, there was one seat left over, a seat for 2, just for me. The whole trip no one came to sit next to me, for they probably thought they wouldn’t have enough space, sitting next to 1.5 person. Life is great, and so you see, being fat is too! (: Criteria| Possible| Awarded| Comments| A: Rationale| 2| | | B: Task and Content| 8| | | C: Organization | 5| | | D: Language and Style| 5| | | ————————————————- Feedback First of all, this written task falls into is the pitfall of not reflecting course content. It is not clear what was studied in class from this piece. If the student studied obesity, its causes and effects, then this needs to be made clear. Where does the statistic on the percentage of skinny women (70%) come from? Are overweight people really happy for the reasons suggested in this column? If so, explain where this is supported. Secondly, this opinion column sounds very informal, using words such as ‘like’ and the emoticon ‘(:’. Columns often contain something that is newsworthy and relevant to the target audience. The context of this text is not self evident. ————————————————- Finally, this text must refer to another text or texts. If the student read an article about obesity, then she could explain its significance. It is suggested that this student start all over again with a completely new idea and set of texts. She may want to see the lesson on anorexia and the sample written task on the portrayal of women in the media. Sample Rationale: My diary entry, written in Ekwefi’s point of view, contains 2 different entries that intend to show her thoughts and emotions regarding her romantic life. Set it Nigeria in the late 1880s, she compares the days in which she fell in love with Okonkwo and ran away from her husband to the present situation she finds herself in. Being a diary, the audience is the writer herself, and for each entry I used a different tone: lightheartedness can be seen in the sentence â€Å"Okonkwo and I should elope, as he is the man I have always longed for† while melancholy is present in the following one: â€Å"And it all seems so different from back then.† The language I employed is intended to be similar to the one on â€Å"Things Fall Apart† and the Ibo language, including the months â€Å"Onwa Agwu† meaning June and â€Å"Onwa Okike† meaning November, as well how they popularly use the word â€Å"shall.† I wrote this this because I wish we had seen m ore of the personal sides of the characters in the novel, especially of a woman, since they allow us to connect to them and feel with them more deeply. The nature of the chosen task comes from the fact that the concept of love is a very delicate, complex, and even clichà © idea, yet it is the one common factor that has been present in th world despite the different cultures that exist. Therefore its purpose is to prove that even in a novel of postcolonial origin and focus, the role romance pays in a character’s life is a subject that can be regarded. 1. What’s good about this rationale? 2. What’s missing? 3. What could be done better? ————————————————- Sample Written Task 1 ‘Language issues’ A MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN AND CEO ZOULIKHA VAN KLAVEREN The discussion about Ebonics or African American English (AAE) has recently started again, due to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) seeking Ebonics translators. The commotion around our language is about the DEA putting Ebonics on their list of languages they translate, among official languages like Spanish or Vietnamese. Many white Americans have put a somewhat radical opinion out there; in general they think that Ebonics should not be seen as a distinct language and thus should not be on a list among official and distinct languages. Personally I was shocked to see so many aggressive comments towards the language we speak in our daily lives – and expressing yourself so hostile against Ebonics is not the right thing to do in my opinion. The characterizations of Ebonics as ‘slang’, ‘lazy’ or ‘broken English’ are incorrect, demeaning and could offend a great amount of people. Ebonics is a form of communication that deserves recognition and study. In this months’ special edition we are taking a closer look at the events that are going on right now. There will be different views on this issue; the topics that are named here are all coming back and will be assessed throughout an in-depth article written by Aleecia Dewiz, Marcus Reganus, Tanya Leeso and Sean Comsin. The last debate about the Ebonics language was almost fourteen years ago. On December 18th, 1996, the Oakland, California, Unified School District proposed using Ebonics for teaching English. This caused a national discussion and drew an awful lot of media attention. Due to this unwanted attention, the school board to alter their plans and teach it as a second language. My dear friend Jesse Jackson expressed his opinion on this matter saying that it was unacceptable for it may damage the children’s Standard English skills. Later he reversed his position towards the case by saying that he misunderstood the schools’ wish to teach Ebonics as a standard language – which was eventually not the case. Although I personally deeply care for the Ebonics language, English is a global lingua franca, so it is obvious that Standard English is the most important language that has to be spoken and taught in school. It has an instrumental motivation, while Ebonics is somehow rega rded as more of a language that people use or learn with a intergrative motivation. However, there are so many other versions of English spoken over the world: almost each country that has English as their official or second official language, speaks a slightly different dialect. Just to name a few: Hong Kong English, Singapore English, Cameroon English, New Zealand English and Jamaican English. These are languages that can be learned because of the integrative and instrumental motivation. Ebonics could be one of these languages and this will be discussed in the article â€Å"Ebonics: language or idiolect?† The question that came up to me was why there is such a fuss about this specific variety of English. In the Anglophone world – which is an immense part of the world we live in – there are many different varieties of English. The one that is quite comparable to Ebonics is Chicano English, since it is also a cultural variety of English in the United States. There is less (media) commotion about this language, though. Is this because it is not considered a distinct language, as it is not on the DEA list or has not been tried to teach in schools? Or does it have something to do with people being intimidated by the Black American society? The thing that worries me is that this renewed issue might trigger polarization between the radical-thinking white Americans and us Black Americans. There is a large group of Black Americans that speaks Ebonics and is not against it being a distinct or even an official language, while the large group of non-African Americans thinks the othe r way around. If this is going to be a national debate again, a divide of ethnic groups might occur. Like mentioned above, in this issue there will be different views on this topic, including the negative point of view, explained by both a Black American and white American. This is why I am kindly stressing to stand up for the Ebonics language, but to not forget about Standard English. I have written a feature on this as well, together with great help provided by Stephanie Reed and Tyrese Lutchin. Some might not like our language because they don’t understand it – hence the searching for translators, which definitely points out that not everyone can simply understand us. So speak the Ebonics language with pride, but think about the people around you and about your best interests – because Standard English is the most important language to know and to master. At least, for now. Criteria| Possible| Awarded| Comments| A: Rationale| 2| | | B: Task and Content| 8| | | C: Organization | 5| | | D: Language and Style| 5| | | Examiner’s Feedback: The written task is a missed opportunity. The student has an excellent topic with no examples of language in use. The task reminds us that, besides exploring various attitudes towards varieties of English language, we must look at concrete examples of English in use. Criteria| Possible| Awarded| Comments| A: Rationale| 2| 0| The student fails to include a rationale.| B: Task and Content| 8| 4| The task is generally appropriate, though it lacks examples. It shows some understanding of letters from the editor, as a type of text, though it slips into essay form sometimes.| C: Organization | 5| 4| The task is well organized and generally well structured.| D: Language and Style| 5| 4| The student’s use of English is inaccurate and inappropriate.| Sample Written Task 1 Rationale: In class we explored several texts by African Americans, analyzing their use of English as an expression of a social identity. In particular we look looked at several song lyrics by rappers. I was intrigued by 2Pac Shakur’s lyrics. I wanted to create a context in which I could explore the effects of his lyrics on the African American community. Therefore, I decided to invent a column in Rolling Stone magazine called ‘Lyrics Up Close’, in which I interview several young African Americans on their response to 2Pac’s lyrics. The year is 1998 and 2Pac is still climbing the pop charts even though he has been killed in a shooting. I ask how 2Pac has earned respect among his target audience, and how they identify with him. I give several reasons, including his personal history and his use of English to account for his success. What’s more I define the main message of the song as one that encourages troubled youth to get off the streets, stop selling drugs and cease violent activity. I look at this within the context of 2Pac’s own violent life, which exposes his hypocrisy. All in all, the task made me think critically about language and culture. Task: A ‘Brotha’ Who Understands ‘Brotha’s’ From ‘Lyrics Up Close’ a column in Rolling Stone magazine 2Pac Shakur landed in the top ten again this week with ‘Changes’, and so it appears that he is enjoying more success posthumously than when he lived. Has his iconic status increased because of his death, or could it be that this song has struck a chord with African-Americans across the nation. Rolling Stone hit the streets of 2Pac’s old neighborhood in Marin City, asking young African-Americans how the lyrics of ‘Changes’ made them feel. â€Å"Here’s a brotha’ who understands brotha’s,† answered one high school student, who seemed to capture the sentiments of many in the area. Where, though, in the lyrics do young African Americans identify with 2Pac’s message? At first glance, ‘Changes’ sounds quite pessimistic. It opens with the lines, â€Å"I’m tired of bein’ poor & even worse I’m black.† This defeatist attitude seems strange when compared to 2Pac’s tough image, an image that many young gang members have imitated. One young man we spoke to, who wore a gangster-style bandana, explained that the opening lines are not so much pessimistic as realistic. The lyrics explain why young African Americans deal drugs and commit crime: â€Å"First ship ’em dope & let ’em deal the brothers / give ’em guns step back watch ’em kill each other.† While this may sound like the tone of a victim, 2Pac is not encouraging young African Americans to give up or lose hope. It is important that we keep the target audience of the song in mind. It does not intend to create sympathy among white Americans for poor African Americans. Rather, the song targets African Americans. In fact many young black men of Marin City feel spoken to by 2Pac’s song. He seems to call on them to change: â€Å"But now I’m back with the facts givin’ it back to you Don’t let ’em jack you up, back you up, crack you up and pimp smack you up You gotta learn to hold ya own.† In these lines, â€Å"you† is directed to troubled black youth. When asked what â€Å"hold ya own† means, many young African Americans explained: they must refuse to become victims of the hardships that 2Pac so poignantly describes in his lyrics. This call to social responsibility might just be the main theme of the song, which he suggest in the lines, â€Å"I got love for my brother but we can never go nowhere unless we share with each other.† He calls on African Americans to stop dealing drugs to each other and stealing from each other. How, though, does 2Pac deliver this message without sounding patronizing? First of all, as the saying goes, ‘it takes one to know one.’ 2Pac’s criminal past and time in prison have earned him respect among troubled, black youth. But what’s more, he speaks to them in their language, a lyrical, almost sophisticated form of Ebonics or African American Vernacular English (AAVE). The rhythm and rhyme of the lyrics is engaging and compelling, which we see in the afore mentioned lines, â€Å"jack you up, back you up / crack you up and pimp smack you up.† The verb, ‘to pimp smack one up’ exemplifies the poetic style of street speech. Finally he addresses his audience as his â€Å"brothers†, he uses the word â€Å"nigga† in a permissible context and alludes casually to â€Å"Huey†, a.k.a. Huey P. Lewis, co-founder ofthe Black Panthers. These are all ‘in-group’ markers, which help establish his credit and rapport among African Americans in general and black gangsters specifically. It is for these reasons that he has earned the right to speak to them about these complex issues. In the midst of the many depressing scenarios that 2Pac sketches from children dying of drug abuse to the constant fear of being killed by an old enemy (â€Å"I never get to lay back / ‘Cause I always got to worry ’bout the pay backs†), his spoken words cast a ray of light and call for reasoning. â€Å"We gotta make a change†¦ It’s time for us as a people to start makin’ some changes. Let’s change the way we eat, let’s change the way we live and let’s change the way we treat each other. You see the old way wasn’t working so it’s on us to do what we gotta do, to survive.† The final question that remains is: ‘How are troubled, young African Americans supposed to change the way they live?’ Unfortunately 2Pac left us with few answers and, even worse, a poor example. He lived his life like the lyrics of ‘Changes’: a series of violent, depressing acts interspersed with a few moments of clarity. At least his song helps create understanding the complex issues that poor, young African Americans face every day. From this kind of understanding and the realization that ‘it’s on us to do what we gotta do’, change can arise. Criteria| Possible| Awarded| Comments| A: Rationale| 2| | | B: Task and Content| 8| | | C: Organization | 5| | | D: Language and Style| 5| | |

Sample of Personal Statement - 632 Words

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I have witnessed the dramatic changes in the continuous infrastructure construction, observable improvement of living standards, greater enrichment of social life, gradual deregulation of policies and strong growth of local economy. All the positive sides make everybody fond of the market economy, especially my parents, both of who are managers of property development companies. My parents have great influence on me, so when I was young, I start to learn how to keep abreast of the modern society by learning the new knowledge and skills. The world is already heading toward the new economy, although there are still some turmoil in certain fields and period. The explosive information technology changed the world in such quick and significant manners that many economists cant explain well. Meanwhile, China is joining WTO, the economy at this moment is growing at 8% annually, by further eliminating non-tariff barriers and reduce tariff rates, Chinas market will experience huge structural changes and countless opportunities will emerge to make China the hottest spot in the world economy. As a Chinese student, I am living in a newShow MoreRelatedSample Personal Statement4383 Words   |  18 PagesSample AADSAS Personal Statements Essay # 1 - Author Accepted for 2006 Entering Class As an undergraduate student at the University of New Mexico I have become increasingly aware of the complex network problems that I face as a citizen of the world. I have also realized the progress and success that I enjoy in the same capacity as the frontiers of medicine, technology and communication continue to expand. 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